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GRAMMAR KEYS
FOR LEARNING THE HINDI LANGUAGE

by Prof. Ratnakar Narale
Ref.: “Learn Hindi Through English Medium, Vol. I and Vol. II”
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INTRODUCTION

Two-thirds of the over-a-billion-population of India can read, write, speak and understand Hindi. The other third can at least understand Hindi to a limited degree, for Hindi is India's “lingua franca” or working language.

Outside of India, especially the Fiji, Guyana, Mauritius, West Indies, East Africa, Trinidad, Surinam, Singapore, Hong Kong, Indonesia and Malaysia have a large Indian population..

In the world today, many of non-Indians follow various spiritual paths and wish to be able to communicate with their teacher or guru who probably speaks and understands Hindi. Still others are interested in learning Indian music or dance, and Hindi is the open channel through which such learning flows. Yoga has now become a universal pursuit, and a knowledge of Hindi makes it easier to learn its terminology and techniques, to "feel at home" in it.

With the world-wide opening up of travel, a great many people now have married into Indian families and naturally want to communicate with their new relatives. For all of these reasons -and others besides- the study of Hindi is fast becoming an accepted fact. The growing interest in Hindi -and the availability of instruction- promises us all a future and a culture far richer than we have yet known.

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The Hindi Learning Book
MY REMARKS ON HINDI LANGUAGE :

1. Hindi is a Phonetic Language.
2. Hindi words do not have arbitrarily fixed spellings like the English words.
3. Words of any language can be written in Hindi, solely based on their spoken sounds, not the fixed spellings.
4. Hindi is ‘WOSIWOW’ language. In Hindi ‘What One Says Is What One Writes.’
5. Hindi is an Agglutinative language. All inflections of verbs and nouns are constructed by fixed predetermined suffixes appended to the noun or verb stems.
6. Hindi is an Inflected language. All nouns, Pronouns and Adjectives inflect into Cases affected by Genders and Numbers.
7. Hindi does not use any definate articles such as a, an, the of the English language. e.g. a house, an egg and the sun will simply be house, egg and sun.
8. Impersonal Pronouns are not used in Hindi.
e.g. (English). It is summer now = (Hindi) now is summer. ab garmee hai अब गरमी है
9. Most of the English pre-positions are post-positions in Hindi.
10. Hindi makes extensive use of Passive Construction.

LAURELS

1. Hindi is, not the oldest, but most well known among the fourteen Indian daughters of the Royal Old Mother Sanskrit.
2. More than two-billion people in the world have some interest in Hindi.
3. Hindi is the National Language of India.
4. Hindi is the most suited language for Indian Song Lyrics.
5. Hindi is very rich in classical as well as non-classical literature.
6. As Hindi comes from the Sanskrit, a language rich in word power, there may be many Hindi words for each English word.
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

DARTS

1. Hindi is probably the world’s language most littered with English and other non-Hindi words.
2. The Bollywood Hindi Film Industry and the modern Hindi Lexicograhpers, inspired by Oxford, are the biggest promoters of hybridization of Hindi with English words.
3. Modern Hindi Dictionaries have more English words (or English words with a Hindi twist), than they have Hindi words in them.
4. As a short cut, in Hindi writing the half vowels n न्, m म्, hard n ण्, and the ‘n न्’ in vowels ng ङ and ny ञ, are plainly replaced with a Nasal Dot.
5. As a short cut, the Half Consonants are more than often replace by writing Full Consonants with the (halant) Slash Sigh. e.g. उच्च for उच्च
6. Consonants ‘v’ व and ‘b’ ब; ‘y’ य and ‘j’ ज; ‘s’ स and ‘sh’ श are intermixed at will. e.g. ‘vina ’ विना could be ‘binaa’ बिना and ‘Yashoda’ यशोदा could be ‘Jasoda’ जसोदा
7. The Sanskrit vowel sounds of ‘a’ अॅ in the word ‘bat’ and ‘o’ in the word ‘bottle’ are dropped in Hindi Alphabet. Thus, these sounds are approximately written and spoken, e.g. E. bat = H. bait बैट, E. bottle = H. botal बोतल
8. Many foreign words are distorted with a Hindi Twist, such as McDonald = Makdaanal मकडानल , Russia = Roos रूस, Tomato = tamaatar टमाटर, August = Agast अगस्त, bomb = bum बम, Officer = afsar अफसर, Captain = कप्तान kaptaan, ...etc.
9. Spoken Hindi is not only loaded with English words, the grammar is very loosely used.
10. Sometimes proper Hindi is too Nasal. Thus, in spoken language, few Nasals are omitted to make it more palatable. e.g. (English) Small little girls are there, is (Hindi) grammatically ‘chhoteen chhoteen ladkiyaan yahaan hain’ छोटीं छोटीं लडकियाँ हैं in spoken Hindi it may be ‘chhotee chhotee ladkiyaan yahaan hain’ छोटी छोटी लडकियाँ हैं
11. Even though the Gender is one Single most important aspect of the Hindi Language, there are no logical rules for determining whether a noun is Masculine or Feminine. In addition, a noun may have some masculine words and some feminine words, arbitrarily. e.g. Book = M. granth ग्रंथ; F. kitaab किताब, F. pustak पुस्तक
12. Too many exceptions to the rules of pluralization. Besides being a daughter of the Grand Old mother Sanskeit, Hindi’s own vocab is so poor, that it has to use non-Hindi words, that too proudly on the excuse of being most “absorptive” and modern.
13. Hindi’s verb vocabulary is so scanty, that most of the nouns have to be converted into verbs by adding the intransitive infinitive suffix “honaa होना” or transitive infinitive suffix “karna करना” to the nouns. eg. to rain = barish honaa, to work = kaam karnaa, etc.
14. Hindi is universally taught through pre-made sentences, without understanding the Hindi Grammar. Hindi Teachers or Hindi Learning Book Author do not bothers to teach “how to make your own Hindi sentences.”
15. Hindi parents speak Hindi among themselves and with others, and when English becomes child’s First Language, they put their children in some Hindi Learning classes and hope the children will one day speak in Hindi!
16. Hindi Business owners are shy of putting sign boards in Hindi, Hindi people are shy of speaking Hindi in public, Hindi people hardly speak in Hindi with other Hindi people, if and when they speak Hindi they speak Hinglish, Hindi people show such low degree of honour for their own language that many people tend to think Punjabi is India’s main language. after all this, they cry foul when they see any multilingual literature that appears in other Indian languages, but Hindi.
17. Most harm to the purity of Hindi language is done by the Hindi People themselves.

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The Hindi Learning Book
A. AN OVERVIEW OF HINDI GRAMMATICAL ASPECTS :

1. Nouns :

1. Common Nouns e.g. E. Man = H. aadmee आदमी
2. Proper Nouns e.g. E. Mike = H. maaik माइक
3. Abstract Nouns e.g. Pity = kripaa कृपा
4. Collective Nouns e.g. E. People = H. log लोग

2. Persons :

1. First Person e.g. E. I, we = H. main मैं , hum हम
2. Second Person e.g. E. You = H. aap आप
3. Third Person e.g. E. He = H. vah वह
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

3. Genders :

4. Masculine
5. Feminine
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com ) 4. Numbers : 1. Singular 2. Plural
5. Cases :

1. Nominative Case e.g. E. a boy = H. Iadkaa लडका
2. Accusative Case e.g. E. to a boy = H. ladke ko लड़के को
3. Instrumental Case e.g. E. by a boy = H. ladke se लड़के से
4. Dative Case e.g. E. to a boy = H. ladke ko लड़के को
5. Ablative Case e.g. E. from a boy = H. ladke se लड़के से
6. Possessive or Genitive Case e.g. E. of a boy = H. ladke kaa लडके का
7. Locative Case e.g. E. in a boy = H. ladke men लड़के में
8. Vocative Case e.g. E. O boy! = H. ladke! लड़के!

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The Hindi Learning Book 6. Adjectives :

1. Descriptive Adjectives e.g. E. a big boy = H. badaa ladkaa बड़ा लडका
2. Quantitative Adjectives e.g. E. some milk = H. kuchh doodh कुछ दूध
3. Numeral Adjectives
Definite Numeral Adjective e.g. E. one boy = H. ek ladkaa एक लडका
Indefinite Numeral Adjective e.g. E. all boys = H. sab ladke सब लडके
Distributive Numeral Adjective e.g. E. each boy = H. har ladkaa हर लडका
Ordinal Numeral Adjective e.g. E. first boy = H. pahilaa ladkaa पहिला लडका
4. Demonstrative Adjectives e.g. E. such boy = H. aisaa ladkaa ऐसा लडका
5. Interrogative Adjective e.g. E. which boy? = H. kaisaa ladkaa? कैसा लडका
6. Comparative Adjective e.g. E. taller boy = H. ucchatar ladkaa उच्चतर लडका
7. Superlative Adjective e.g. E. tallest boy = H. ucchatam ladkaa उच्चतम लडका
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

7. Pronouns :

1. Personal Pronouns
e.g. E. He is a boy = H. vah ladkaa hai वह लडका है
2. Possessive or Pronominal Pronouns
e.g. E. My book = H. meree kitaab मेरी किताब
3. Impersonal Pronouns
e.g. E. I, we = H. main, hum मैं, हम
4. Interrogative Pronouns
e.g. E. Who is there? = H. kaun hai? कौन है
5. Compound Personal Pronouns
e.g. E. I myself = H. main khud मैं ख़ुद
6. Demonstrative Pronouns
e.g. E. These boys = H. ye ladke ये लडके
7. Indefinite Pronouns
e.g. E. One day = H. ek din एक दिन
8. Reciprocal Pronouns
e.g. E. to each other = H. ek doosre ko एक दूसरे को
9. Relative Pronouns
e.g. E. The boy who ... = H. jo jadkaa जो लडका

8. Verbs :
1. Intransitive Verbs
2. Transitive Verbs
3. Causative Verbs
4. Super Causative Verbs

9. Moods :

1. Imperative Mood
2. Potential Mood
3. Desiderative Mood
4. Assertive
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

10. Adverbs : 1. Adverbs of Time e.g. E. now = H. ab अब
2. Adverbs of Frequency e.g. E. twice = H. dubaaraa दुबारा
3. Adverbs of Place e.g. E. Stay here = H. yahaan rahiye यहां रहिये
4. Adverb of Manner e.g. E. walk slowly = H. dheere chaliye धीरे चालिये
5. Adverb of Degree e.g. E. very fast = H. bahut tez बहुत तेज़
6. Adverb of Assertion e.g. E. certainly = H. zaroor ज़रूर
7. Adverb of Negation e.g. E. don’t = H. mat मत
8. Adverb of Reason e.g. E. because = H. kyonki क्योंकि
9. Adverb of Interrogation e.g. E. why? = H. kyon? क्यों ?

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The Hindi Learning Book
11. Conjunctions :

Copulative Conjunctions e.g. E. and = H. aur और
Adversative Conjunctions e.g. E. but = H. magar मगर
Correlative Conjunction e.g. E. if...then = H. yadi...to यदि...तो
Compound Conjunctions e.g. E. In order that = H. taaki ताकि

12. Infinitive :

1. Active Infinitive e.g. E. to eat = H. khaanaa खाना
2. Passive Infinitive e.g. E. be eaten = H. khaayaa jaanaa खाया जाना
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

13. Participles :

1. Present Participle e.g. E. doing = H. kartaa huaa करता हुआ
2. Past Participle e.g. E. done = H. kiyaa, kiyaa huaaa किया, किया हुआ
3. Future Participle e.g. E. worth doing = H. karaniya, kaarya, kartavya करणीय, कार्य, कर्तव्य

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The Hindi Learning Book 14. Tenses :

1. Present Tense
i. Habitual Present Tense
e.g. E. I do = H. main kartaa hoon मैं करता हूँ
ii. Continuous Present Tense
e.g. E. I am doing = H. main kar rahaa hoon मैं कर रहा हूँ

2. Past Tense
i. Habitual Past Tense
e.g. E. I used to do = H. main kartaa thaa मैं करता था
ii. Continuous Past Tense
e.g. E. I was doing = H. main kar rahaa thaa मैं कर रहा था

3. Future Tense
i. Simple Future Tense
e.g. E. I will do, I shall do = H. main karoongaa मैं करूंगा
ii. Continuous Present Tense
e.g. E. I will be doing = H. main kartaa rahoongaa मैं करता रहूँगा

4. Perfect Tense
i. Simple Intransitive Perfect Tense
e.g. E. I did walk (I walked 5 km.) = H. main 5 km. chalaa मैं चला
ii. Present Intransitive Perfect Tense
e.g. E. I have walked 5km. = H. main 5 km. chalaa hoon मैं चला हूँ
iii. Past Intransitive Perfect Tense
e.g. E. I had walked = H. main chalaa thaa मैं चला था
iv. Future Intransitive Perfect Tense
e.g. E. I will have walked = H. main chalaa hoongaa मैं चला हूँगा
v. Simple Transitive Perfect Tense
e.g. E. I did = H. mainne kiyaa मैंने किया
vi. Present Transitive Perfect Tense e.g. E. I am doing = H. mainne kiyaa hai मैंने किया है
vii. Past Transitive Perfect Tense
e.g. E. I do = H. mainne kiyaa thaa मैंने किया था
viii. Future Transitive Perfect Tense
e.g. E. I am doing = H. mainne kiyaa hogaa मैंने किया होगा

15. Gerunds :

1. Present Participle Gerund e.g. while eating. khaate hue. खाते हुए
2. Verbal Noun Gerund e.g. eating khaanaa. खाना
3. Infinitive Gerund e.g. to eat, for eating khaane. खाने (के लिये)
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

15. Voices :

4. Active Voice e.g I love you. main aapse pyaar kartaa hoon. मैं आपसे प्यार करता हूँ
5. Passive Voice e.g. I have love for you, You are loved by me. mujhe aapse pyaar hai. मुझे आपसे प्यार है

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The Hindi Learning Book B. Ratnakar’s TAKE ON HINDI PHONICS :

1. HINDI ALPHABET :

1. The Chart of written and spoken Hindi Alphabet is arranged according to the Sounds created with the regulated passage of air through the Vocal System including the lungs, vocal cord, wind pipes, throat, tongue, pallet, teeth and lips.
2. In the Chart of Alphabet, the Vowels come first and then the Consonants.
3. There are 13 basic vowel sounds in the Hindi Alphabet.
4. There are four Simple Vowels or Short Vowels. From the four simple vowels, other nine Compound Vowels or Long Vowels are produced.
5. Vowel sounds can be written in their Character Shapes or as Vowel Signs.
6. Vowel Characters can be written and spoken independently.
7. A Vowel Sign is used only when the vowel is attached to a consonant.
8. For the 13 basic vowel sounds there are 13 basic vowel signs.
9. Vowel signs are attached to the left, right over or under the consonant characters.
10. There are 33 simple Consonant sounds in the Alphabet.
11. The consonants are written and spoken as a half character or a full character.
12. The Half Consonants are used together with the Full Consonants to produce the Compound Consonant sounds.
13. First 25 consonants are classified into Five Classes of 5 consonants each. The First Class is Guttural Consonants (spoken with the aid the Throat), second is Palatal Consonants (spoken with the aid the Palate), the third is Cerebral Consonants (spoken with the aid Cerebrum), the fourth is Dental (spoken with the aid the Teeth), and the fifth is Labial (spoken with the aid the Lips).
14. The last Consonant from each of the Five Classes is called Nasal Consonant (spoken with the aid of the nose).
15. Pronunciation of the Palatal Consonants and the Dental Consonants need special care.
16. The difference between and among the pronunciation of the consonants k क and kh ख, g ग and gh घ, c च and chh छ, palatal t ट and th ठ, palatal d ड and dh ढ, dental t त and th थ, dental d द and dh ध needs to be understood very cautiously. They are new to the English speaking tongue.

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The Hindi Learning Book 2. HINDI WORDS :

1. If the word ends in a consonant with a short vowel, that last consonant is spoken pronounced as a half consonant. e.g. Raama = Raam राम
2. In Hindi words, when two or more consonants come consecutively in a row, the last consonant is written as Full Consonant and the rest are written as Half Consonants, and spoken likewise.

3. HINDI SENTENCES :

1. Hindi sentences are often spoken with emphatic tones stressed on specific or desired words or word parts.
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

C. Ratnakar’s RESEARCH IN HINDI MORPHOLOGY :

Please see the lessons on i. Ratnakar’s Ten Noble Truths, ii. Ratnakar’s Brain Surgery of Hindi Grammar, and iii. Ratnakar’s X-Ray Vision of Hindi Syntax.
1. HINDI SYNTAX :

1. Hindi is a SOV (subject-object-verb) Language.
2. Normally, the Hindi sentences start with the Subject or its Pronoun.
3. Normally, the Hindi sentences terminate with the Verb appended with the Mode, Gender, Tense and Auxiliary verb.
4. The Object is placed within the sentence.
5. If there is Adjective, it is placed before the Object.
6. If there is Adverb, it is placed before the Verb.
7. If there is a Time Element (e.g. yesterday, tomorrow, today, now), it may be placed even before the Subject.
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

2. HINDI GENDERS :

1. Gender is the single most important, delicate and tricky aspect of the Hindi language.
2. There are only two Genders in Hindi, Masculine Noun and Feminine Noun. The Neuter Gender of the Sanskrit language is dropped in Hindi language.
3. All Nouns and Pronouns are tagged Masculine or Feminine.
4. A Masculine Noun can be converted into its Feminine form.
5. A Feminine Noun can be converted into its Masculine form.
6. The Adjectives and Verbs do not have Gender of their own.
7. The Adjectives take Gender from the Noun or Pronoun they qualify.
8. The Verbs take Gender from either the Subject or the Object, depending on the Tense of the sentence.
9. Adverbs do not take any Gender.

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The Hindi Learning Book 3. HINDI NUMBER :

1. Number is another tricky property of the Hindi words.
2. There are Two Numbers in Hindi language, Singular Number and Plural Number. The Dual Number of Sanskrit language is omitted in the Hindi language.
3. A Singular word can be converted into its Plural Form.
4. A Plural Word can be converted into its Singular Form.
5. The Nouns of the Subject and Object, the Pronouns, the Adjectives and the Verb terminations take Number.
6. The Singular Masculine Noun that ends in long ‘aa आ,’ the ‘aa आ’ is changed to ‘e’ ए in plural.
7. The Singular Feminine Noun that ends in long ‘aa आ,’ ‘en ऍ’ is added to it in plural.
8. The Singular Feminine Noun that ends in a consonant, ‘en ऍ’ is added to it in plural.
9. The Singular Feminine Noun that ends in long ‘ee ई,’ the ‘ee ई’ is changed to ‘iyaan इयाँ’ in plural.
10. For most other nouns, the Singular form does not change when pluralized.

4. HINDI NOUNS :

1. Nouns are either Tangible or Intangible.
2. Nouns are Masculine or Feminine.
3. Nouns are Singular or Plural
4. Nouns take Adjectives.
5. The Adjectives agree with their Nouns in Gender and Number.
6. Some Nouns can be converted into Adjectives and Verbs.
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

5. HINDI PRONOUNS :

1. All Nouns can be represented by Pronouns.
2. Pronouns are Masculine or Feminine.
3. Pronouns are Singular or Plural.
4. Pronouns take Adjectives.
5. The Adjectives agree with the attached Pronoun in Gender and Number.

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The Hindi Learning Book 6. HINDI ADJECTIVES :
1. The Adjectives do not have their own Gender or Number
2. Adjective agree with the Gender and Number of the Noun or Pronoun it qualifies.
3. All Numerals are treated as adjectives.
4. An Adjective can be converted into a Noun.

7. HINDI ADVERBS :

1. The Adverb qualifies a verb, adjective or another adverb.
2. Adverb comes before the verb, adjective or the adverb it qualifies.
3. Adverbs do not take Gender.
4. Adverbs do not take Number.
5. Some adverbs can be used as Adverbs as well as Adjectives.
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

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The Hindi Learning Book 8. HINDI CASES :

1. Hindi utilizes Eight Cases. Hindi people like the word ‘Kaarak’ for Cases (vibhakti).
2. The Case Affixes are pre-positions in English, in Hindi they are post-positions.
3. Nominative Case is used for Subject of the sentence. E. Roy = H. Roy राय
4. In Nominative case, the subject takes no Termination in all tenses except in the Transitive Perfect Tense.
5. In Nominative Case, the Subject of the Transitive Perfect Tense takes (ne ने) Terminator suffix. e.g. E. Roy = H. Roy ne राय ने
6. Accusative case is used for the Object of the sentence.
7. The object of the Accusative Case takes (ko को) Terminator suffix. e.g. E. to Roy = H. Roy ko राय को
8. The Accusative Case Terminator (ko को) is not always actually used in the sentence, but is understood to be there.
9. The Case Terminator for both the Instrumental and the Ablative cases is (se से). e.g. i. E. With Roy = H. Roy se राय से; ii. E. From Roy = H. Roy se राय से
10. Similar to Accusative Case, the Case Terminator for the Dative Case is also (ko को). e.g. E. to Roy = H. Roy ko राय को
11. In Dative Case, the Terminator (ko को) is always used.
12. The Possessive Case Terminator is (kaa का). e.g. E. of Roy = H. Roy kaa राय का
13. Only the Possessive Case Terminator (kaa का) is Gender and Number sensitive.
14. The Possessive Case Terminator (kaa का) agrees with the Gender and Number of the object.
15. The Locative Case Terminators are i. men में. e.g. E. In Roy = H. Roy men राय में and ii. par पर. e.g.E. On Roy = H. Roy par राय पर
16. The Vocative Case is modified form of the Nominative Case.
17. If a Noun is Masculine and Singular and it ends in ‘aa’ आ, then this last vowel ‘aa आ’ changes to ‘e’ ए when any Case Terminator is attached to that noun.
18. But, if the Noun is Plural, then suffix ‘on’ ऑं is added to that Plural Noun, before attaching any Case Terminator.

9. HINDI PREPOSITIONS :

1. All Case pre-positions in the English syntax become post-positions in Hindi syntax. However, the Possessive Case is exception.

10. HINDI PERSONS :

1. Like English, there are three persons in Hindi.
2. The Speaker (I or we) of the sentence, is the First Person.
3. The person to whom the First Person is talking is the Second Person.
4. The person, place or thing which the speaker is referring, is the Third Person.
5. The Imperative sentence is always aimed at the Second Person.
6. The Second Person can be referred in Hindi in three ways, viz. i. Less respect or closeness (tuu तू), ii. equality (tum तुम) and iii. respectful use (aap आप ).
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

11. HINDI TERMS RESPECT :
1. Use of Plural forms of the Pronouns and Verb Suffixes, in place of their Singular forms, impart expression of respect.

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The Hindi Learning Book 12. HINDI VERBS :

1. The verbs are Gender and Number sensitive.
2. In all tenses, except Transitive Perfect tense, the Verb agrees with the Gender and Number of the Subject.
3. In Transitive Perfect Tense the Verb agrees with the gender and Number of the Object.
4. In English many nouns are verbs also (e.g. rain, snow). In Hindi many nouns can be converted into verbs. To convert an Intransitive (Hindi or foreign language verb) into a Hindi verb, attach the verb ‘ho हो’ to it, and then use this compound phrase as a verb. To convert a Transitive (Hindi or foreign language verb) into Hindi verb, attach the verb ‘kar कर’ to it, and then use this compound phrase as a verb.
5. A Hindi verb stem can be converted into an Infinitive, a Verbal Noun or a Gerund simply by attaching suffix ‘naa ना’ to the verb stem.
6. The verbs ‘take, give, do and drink’ are Irregular Verbs in Imperative Mood.
7. The verb ‘go’ is Irregular in Perfect tense.

13. HINDI PARTICIPLES :

1. A Hindi Past Participle can be used as an adjective or as a verb of a Perfect Tense.
2. In Hindi, the Future Participle is formed in three ways, but one of these three types is more popular for each verb.
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

14. HINDI PRESENT TENSE :
1. If the Subject in a Hindi sentence is First Person Singular, Masculine or Feminine, the sentence normally terminates with ‘hoon’ हूँ
2. If the Subject in a Hindi sentence is Second or Third Person Singular, Masculine or Feminine, the sentence normally terminates with ‘hai’ है
3. If the Subject in a Hindi sentence is Plural, Masculine or Feminine, the sentence normally terminates with ‘hain’ हैं
4. If the Subject in a Hindi sentence is Honorific Second Person Singular or Plural, Masculine or Feminine, the sentence normally terminates with ‘hain’ हैं
5. If an English sentence has ‘was’ or ‘had’ in it, the corresponding Hindi sentence will end in ‘thaa’ था (masculine singular), ‘thee’ थी (feminine singular), or ‘the’ थे (masculine plural), or ‘theen’ थीं (feminine plural) terminator.

15. HINDI PAST TENSE :

1. If the Subject in a Hindi sentence is Singular Masculine, the sentence normally terminates with ‘thaa’ था
2. If the Subject in a Hindi sentence is Singular Feminine, the sentence normally terminates with ‘thee’ थी
3. If the Subject in a Hindi sentence is Plural Masculine, the sentence normally terminates with ‘the’ थे
4. If the Subject in a Hindi sentence is Feminine Plural, the sentence could be terminated with ‘the’ थे or ‘theen’ थीं

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The Hindi Learning Book 20. IMPERATIVE MOOD :

1. The Imperative Mood indicates a request or an order, but when it is used with the Honorific Pronoun ‘aap आप,’ it only means request.
2. The Honorific Imperative Suffix ‘iye इये’ includes the property of ‘please,’ therefore with the use of ‘aap आप’ addition of ‘please’ (kripayaa कृपया) is not necessary.
3. In Hindi the Imperative Mood is spoken in three manners : i. as an order to a person of lower level or close relationship, ii. as an order or a request to a person of same level, and iii. as a request to a respectable person. I first case, the verb stem without any suffix is used as an Imperative verb e.g. Don’t eat! mat khaa मत खा . In second case, suffix ‘o’ ओ is added to the verb stem to make an Imperative verb e.g. Don’t eat. mat khao मत खाओ. In third case, suffix ‘iye’ इये is added to the verb stem to make an honorific Imperative verb e.g. Please do not eat. mat khaaiye मत खाइये.

21. POTENTIAL MOOD

1. In Hindi, many times simply the Future Tense is used to speak in Potential Mood.
2. A Passive construction is preferred over the Active Voice for speaking in Potential Mood.
3. The verbs ‘take, give, do and drink’ are Irregular Verbs in Imperative Mood
22. PARTICIPLES :

1. Present Active Participles e.g. doing. karte hue. करते हुए
2. Past Passive Participles e.g. done. kiyaa huaa. किया हुआ
3. Future Potential Participles e.g. doable. kaarya, karniya, kartavya कार्य, करणीय, कर्तव्य
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

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The Hindi Learning Book 23. PREPOSITIONS (prefixes) and POST-POSITIONS (suffixes) : (see Level II Book)

1. Prepositions : (i) 32 Sanskrit prefixes, (ii) 6 Urdu prefixes, (iii) 4 Hindi’s own prefixes.
2. Post-positions : (i) verb suffixes, (ii) Substantive suffixes

24. VOICES :

The Passive Voice is quite common in Hindi speaking.
25. EMPHASIS :

The expressions of Emphasis and Punctuation of word endings are common in Hindi speech.

D. Ratnakar’s GRAMMATICAL SYLLABUS FOR INTRODUCTORY COURSE :

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The Hindi Learning Book 1. INTRODUCTORY BACKGROUND LESSONS

1. Introduction to Phonetics
2. Introduction to common vocabulary of Nouns with their genders
3. Introduction to common vocabulary of Proper nouns with case suffixes
4. Introduction to common verbs
5. Introduction to common adjectives
6. Introduction to pluralization of common nouns.
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

2. EARLY LESSONS IN SPEAKING HINDI

1. Simple sentences of Personal Introduction
2. Basic sentences of Greetings
3. Sentences of Present Habitual Tense for First Person.
4. Sentences of Present Habitual Tense for Second Person and Third Person.
5. Introduction to Numerals from 0 to10.
6. Affirmative and Negative sentences.
7. Use of basic Pronouns
8. Asking simple questions
9. Answering Simple questions
10. Telling Time
11. Counting Money
12. Using Present Continuous Tense
13. Simple Past Tense
14. Using Past Continuous Tense
15. Using daily Expressions such as Good Morning, Bye ...etc.

3. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL-I LESSONS IN SPEAKING HINDI

1. Use of simple Future tense
2. Use of Imperative Sentences
3. Speaking of ‘Already Completed’ actions in Present and Past Tenses.
4. Use wider vocabulary of Nouns
5. Use of expanded vocabulary of Verbs
6. Use of Compound Verbs
7. Use of Past Participle
8. Use of Adverbs
9. Use of Accusative and Dative Cases
10. Use of Instrumental and Ablative Cases
11. Use of the Locative case
12. Use of the Possessive or Genitive case
13. Use of Interrogative and Relative Pronouns
14. Use of Assertive and Desiderative Moods
15. Use of Intransitive Perfect Tense

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The Hindi Learning Book 4. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL-II LESSONS IN SPEAKING HINDI

1. Use of Transitive Perfect tense
2. Use of Potential Mood
3. Use of the Adverbs of time, frequency and place,
4. Use of Adverbs of manner, degree, assertion, negation, reason and interrogation.
5. Use of conjunctions
6. Use of Infinitives
7. Making intermediate sentences in Present, Past and Future tenses.
8. Use of Case Phrases
9. Using plurals of nouns, adjectives and verbs.
10. Telling time in the clock
11. Telling Days of the week
12. Telling Colours
13. Counting numerals from 11 to 20
14. Using numerals one-hundred, thousand, one-hundred-thousand and ten-million
15. Expression of Thanks, sorrow, ...etc.

5. INTERMEDIATE LEVEL-III LESSONS IN SPEAKING HINDI

1. Use of Present Participles of Transitive Perfect tense
2. Use of Future Participles
3. Making Sentences of two Clauses
4. Making complex sentenced
5. Using nouns as verbs
6. Using nouns as adjectives
7. Using adjectives as nouns
8. Using verbs as nouns
9. Formal speech
10. Using phrases
11. Use of Passive voice
12. Describing events
13. Narrating passages
14. Telling Short Stories
15. Use of Idioms.
(Document Prepared by : Ratnakar Narale www.books-india.com )

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